Psicologia — Avaliação psicológica

SubwaysPosted on Friday March 27th, 2009 by Jebediah ReedTo give some sense of the pace of public worksconstruction in China, the city of Guangzhou is planning to open83 miles of new subway lines by the end of next year.Meanwhile, New York ? a city of about the same size ? hasbeen playing around with the 1.7-mile Second Avenue line fordecades now. China also builds subways rather cheaply ? $100million per mile versus $ 2.4 billion per mile in the Big Apple.Not surprisingly, projects there are more aggressive in allrespects: there are 60 tunnel boring machines operating inGuangzhou, while only one is slated for the Second Avenueproject; workers put in five 12-hour shifts a week (and if theydon't like it, they can go pound glacial till); and seizing propertyis a breeze.An article in the Business section of today's NY Times(Clash of Subways and Car Culture in Chinese Cities byKeithBradsher) [VERB] a smart look at the forces at play as Chinagoes on a transit infrastructure spending spree while itsimultaneously becomes evermore sprawling and car-centric.Here's one interesting passage, [CONJUNCTION] thestory is worth reading in its entirety:Western mass transit experts applaud China for investingbillions in systems that will put less stress on the environmentand on cities. But they warn that other Chinese policies, likeallowing real estate developers to build sprawling new suburbs,undermine the benefits of the mass transit boom.Mr. Chan Shao Zhang , a 67-year-old engineer in chargeof the works in Guangzhou, defended Guangzhou's combinationof cars and subways, saying that the city built a subway line to a new Toyota assembly plant to help employees and suppliersreach it.Subways have been most competitive in cities like NewYork that have high prices for parking, and tolls for bridgesandtunnels, discouraging car use. Few Chinese cities have beenwilling to follow suit, other than Shanghai, which charges a fee ofseveral thousand dollars for each license plate.The cost and physical limitations of subways havediscouraged most cities from building new ones. For instance,only Tokyo has a subway system that carries more people thanits buses. The buses are cheaper and able to serve far morestreets but move more slowly, pollute more and contribute totraffic congestion.China has reason to worry. It surpassed the UnitedStates in total vehicle sales for the first time in January, althoughthe United States remained slightly ahead in car sales. But inFebruary, China overtook the United States in both, in partbecause the global downturn has hurt auto sales much more inthe United States than in China.There are many countervaling forces Chinahaspassed its own stimulus package and the government is eagerto put people to work, create economic activity, and buildmodern infrastructure. The Guangzhou project is part of majornational transit buildout. But the nation's cities are also sprawlingbeasts, and in that sense, more suited to cars than trains. Notshockingly, many Chinese prefer the former.(Adapted from http://www.infrastructurist.com/2009/03/27/-building-a-subway-is-96-percent-cheaper-in-china/)

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